Arminius, also known as Armen or Hermann (b. 18 BC/17 BC in Magna Germania; d. AD 21 Year 21 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar in Germania) was a chieftain of the Cherusci The Cherusci were a Germanic tribe that inhabited parts of the northern Rhine valley and the plains and forests of northwestern Germany, in the area between present-day Osnabrück and Hanover, during the 1st century BC and 1st century. Subsequently they were absorbed into the tribal confederations of the Franks and Saxons. The name refers to a who defeated a Roman army The Roman army is the generic term for the terrestrial armed forces deployed by the kingdom of Rome (to ca. 500 BC), the Roman Republic (500-31 BC), the Roman Empire (31 BC - AD 476) and its successor, the Byzantine empire (476-1453). It is thus a term that spans approximately 2,000 years, during which the Roman armed forces underwent numerous in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest took place in A.D. 9 when an alliance of Germanic tribes led by Arminius (also known as "Hermann"), the son of Segimer of the Cherusci, ambushed and destroyed three Roman legions, along with their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus. His influence held an allied coalition of Germanic tribes together in opposition to the Romans but after decisive defeats to the Roman general Germanicus Germanicus Julius Caesar was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty of the early Roman Empire. He was born in Lugdunum, Gaul (modern Lyon). At birth he was named either Nero Claudius Drusus after his father or Tiberius Claudius Nero after his uncle. He received the agnomen Germanicus, by which he is principally known, in 9 BC, when it was, nephew of the Emperor Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus, born Tiberius Claudius Nero , was the second Roman Emperor, from the death of Augustus in AD 14 until his own death in 37. Tiberius was by birth a Claudian, son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla. His mother divorced his father and was remarried to Augustus in 39 BC, making him a step-son of Octavian, his influence waned and he was assassinated on the orders of rival Germanic chiefs.^[1][2] Although Arminius was ultimately unsuccessful in forging unity among the Germanic tribes The Germanic peoples are a historical ethno-linguistic group, originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Indo-European Germanic languages, which diversified out of Common Germanic in the course of the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The descendants of these peoples became, and in many areas contributed to, the ethnic groups of North, the loss of the Roman legions in the Teutoburg forest had a far-reaching effect on the subsequent history of both the ancient Germanic tribes and on the Roman Empire. Germanicus' campaign was the last major Roman military effort east of the Rhine The Rhine is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe, at about 1,232 km (766 mi), with an average discharge of more than 2,000 m3/s (71,000 cu ft/s).

Biography

Born in 18 or 17 BC as son of the Cheruscan war chief Segimerus, Arminius was trained as a Roman military commander and attained Roman citizenship Citizenship in ancient Rome was a privileged social status afforded to certain individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance and the status of equestrian The Roman equestrian order constituted the lower of the two aristocratic classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the patricians (patricii), an hereditary caste that monopolised political power during the regal era (to 501 BC) and during the early Republic (to 338 BC). A member of the order was known as an eques (plural: equites). Equites in Latin (petty noble) before returning to Germania and driving the Romans out.

"Arminius" is probably a Latinized Latin or sometimes Roman is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Although often considered a dead language, in view of the fact that it has no native, fluent speakers, Latin continues to be taught in schools and has been, and currently is, used in the process of new word production in modern languages from many variant of the Germanic name Irmin meaning "great" (cf. Herminones The Irminones, also referred to as Herminones or Hermiones, were a group of early Germanic tribes settling in the Elbe watershed and by the 1st century AD expanding into Bavaria, Swabia and Bohemia. Irminonic or Elbe Germanic is a conventional term grouping early West Germanic dialects ancestral to High German). During the Reformation The Protestant Reformation was the European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity. It began in 1517 when Martin Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses, and concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended one hundred and thirty-one years of consecutive European but especially during 19th century German A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, nationalism, Arminius was used as a symbol of the "German" people and their fight against Rome.^[3] It is during this period that the name "Hermann" (meaning "army man" or "warrior") came into use as the German equivalent of Arminius; the religious reformer Martin Luther Martin Luther was a German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation. Strongly disputing the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money, he confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his The Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand is thought to have been the first to equate the two names.^[4]

Battle at the Teutoburg Forest

Around the year AD 4, Arminius assumed command of a Cheruscan detachment of Roman auxiliary forces, probably fighting in the Pannonian Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located over the territory of the present-day western half of Hungary with parts in Austria, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Bosnia and wars on the Balkan peninsula The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia. The region has a combined area of 550,000 km2 (212,000 sq mi) and a population of 55 million people.[citation needed]. He returned to northern Germania in 7/AD 8 Year 8 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, where the Roman Empire had established secure control of the territories just east of the Rhine The Rhine is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe, at about 1,232 km (766 mi), with an average discharge of more than 2,000 m3/s (71,000 cu ft/s), along the Lippe Lippe is a Kreis (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Herford, Minden-Lübbecke, Schaumburg, Hameln-Pyrmont, Holzminden, Höxter, Paderborn, Gütersloh, and district-free Bielefeld and Main The Main is a river in Germany, 524 km (329 miles) long (including the White Main, 574 km (357 mi)), and it is one of the more significant tributaries of the Rhine. The Main flows through the German states of Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg (forming the border with Bavaria for some distance) and Hesse. Its watershed competes with the Danube for water; rivers, and now sought to extend its hegemony eastward towards the Weser The Weser is a river in north-western Germany. Formed at Hann. Münden by (the confluence of) the Fulda and Werra, it flows through Lower Saxony, then reaching the historic (Hanseatic League) port city of Bremen before emptying into the North Sea 50 km further north at Bremerhaven, which is also a seaport. On the opposite (west) bank is the town and Elbe The River Elbe (Czech: Labe ; German: die Elbe; Low German: de Ilv) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It originates in the Krkonoše Mountains of northwestern Czech Republic before traversing much of Bohemia (Czech Republic), then Germany and flowing into the North Sea at Cuxhaven, 110 km northwest of Hamburg. Its total length is 1,094 rivers, under Publius Quinctilius Varus Publius Quinctilius Varus was a Roman politician and general under emperor Augustus, mainly remembered for having lost three Roman legions and his own life when attacked by Germanic leader Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, a high-ranking administrative official appointed by Augustus Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus was the sole ruler of the Roman Empire from January 27 BC until his death in AD 14.[note 1] Born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, he was adopted posthumously by his great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC, and between then and 31 BC was officially named Gaius Julius Caesar. In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the honorific as governor. Arminius soon began plotting to unite various Germanic tribes and to thwart Roman efforts to incorporate their territories into the empire.

In the fall of AD 9, in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest took place in A.D. 9 when an alliance of Germanic tribes led by Arminius (also known as "Hermann"), the son of Segimer of the Cherusci, ambushed and destroyed three Roman legions, along with their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus, Arminius — then 25 years old — and his alliance of Germanic tribes (Cherusci The Cherusci were a Germanic tribe that inhabited parts of the northern Rhine valley and the plains and forests of northwestern Germany, in the area between present-day Osnabrück and Hanover, during the 1st century BC and 1st century. Subsequently they were absorbed into the tribal confederations of the Franks and Saxons. The name refers to a, Marsi, Chatti The Chatti were an ancient Germanic tribe whose homeland was near the upper Weser. They settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser River and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Weser River regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Kassel, though probably, Bructeri, Chauci and Sicambri The Sicambri were a Germanic people living in what is now called the Netherlands at the turn of the first millennium. Originating in the Germanic-Celtic contact zone (cf. Nordwestblock), they had become Frankish by the 4th century, associated with the Low Franconian Salians) ambushed and annihilated a Roman army (comprising the 17th, 18th and 19th Legio undevigesima was a Roman legion levied (drafted into military service) in 41 or 40 BC by Augustus. It was destroyed in 9 in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. The emblem of the XIXth legion is unknown, but probably was the Capricorn as other legions levied by Augustus legions The Roman legion is a term that can apply both as a translation of legio ("conscription" or "army") to the entire Roman army and also, more narrowly (and more commonly), to the heavy infantry that was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army in the period of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. In this latter as well as three cavalry Cavalry , were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the third oldest (after infantry and chariotry) and the most mobile of the combat arms. A soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman or trooper detachments and six cohorts Originally, the cohort was a sub-unit of a Roman legion. Each Roman legion would have ten cohorts. The first of ten cohorts had five double-sized centuries totaling 800 men whereas the other nine would usually consist of 480 legionaries including six centurions. The cohort itself was divided into six centuries of 80 men commanded each by a of auxiliaries) totalling around 20,000 men commanded by Varus. Recent archaeological finds say that the long-debated precise location of the three-day battle is almost certainly near Kalkriese Hill, about 20 km north of Osnabrück Osnabrück is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, some 80 km NNE of Dortmund, 45 km NE of Münster, and some 100 km due west of Hannover. It lies in a valley penned between the Wiehengebirge and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest. As of June 30, 2006, its population was 163,357, making it the third-largest city in Lower Saxony. When defeat was certain, Varus committed suicide Suicide is the term used for the deliberate self-destruction by a living being, resulting in their own death. Such actions are typically characterised as being made out of despair, or attributed to some underlying mental disorder which includes depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism and drug abuse. Financial difficulties, by falling upon his sword.

Roman retaliation

After his victory, Arminius tried for several years to bring about a more permanent union of the northern Germanic tribes so as to resist the inevitable Imperial counter-offensive. After the Teutoburg Forest disaster, other Germanic tribes did become more openly hostile to Rome, although the most powerful Germanic ruler, King Marbod of the Marcomanni, in Bohemia, remained neutral even after Arminius sent him the head of Varus. Tiberius, successor of Augustus, established that Germania, inhospitable and poor land, was not currently relevant to the Roman cause. It would require a commitment too burdensome for the imperial finances and for excessive expenditure of military force for a new achievement. Another problem was that Augustus, in 30 years of his reign, had annexed many territories still at the beginning of the process of Romanization and multiracial integration. Tiberius was therefore orientated to use diplomacy in Germanic territories, so that these primitive people were fighting each other,but an immediate action was necessary to terrorize the Germanic enemy to discourage new and possible future invasions of the Roman soil by the Germanic tribes. Tiberius was able to rally an army of eight legions during these campaigns. These were the legions:

1. For the front "lower": the legion XXI Rapax, V Alaudae the legion, the legion Legio I Germanica and XX Valeria Victrix;
2. For the "superior" Legio II Augusta, Legio XIII Gemina Legio XVI Gallica Legio XIV Gemina

The Romans penetrated into the Cesia forest coming to the village of the Marsi, Germanicus knew that this was a night of partying and celebrations for the Germans. Germanicus divided legions into 4 wedges, to increase the radius of destruction within 50 miles. It was a massacre. Neither sex nor age aroused compassion. Even the temple Tanfana, most famous for those people, was set on fire. That horrible massacre did, however, raise the Bructeri, and the Tubanti Usipetes, lurking in the wooded gorges of their territories. The enemy did not move until the Roman legions were not stretched enough, and launched their main attack on the rear. Germanicus himself, urged the XX Legion to erase the memory of the Teutoburg Forest. The courage of legionnaires then heated up, defeating the enemy.

Roman Armies quickly penetrated into the territory of the Chatti, where he made horrendous massacres of those who by age or sex did not have the strength to resist, while younger people fled and threw into the river Adrano Adrano is a town and comune in the province of Catania on the east coast of Sicily (the current river Eder), above which the Romans were building a bridge to cross.

Roman armies passed the other side came to the capital of the Chatti, Mattium (near the present Niedenstein) who burnt and looted the city.

Arminius was informed that his wife, Thusnelda, and son had been delivered to the Romans, moved to seek more alliances with all possible neighboring Germanic peoples.

Achieved these successes, Germanicus wanted to see the places where three legions were massacred.

Germanicus, once buried the remains of those mangled bodies, decided to pursue Arminius, who escaped in the forests. Germanicus, believing that Arminius was retreating, commanded to cavalry to pursuit him. But Arminius, with a clever move, prepared an ambush, Germanicus answered, advancing the legions. At the end of the battle, there were no winners or losers.

Germanicus divided Roman army into three columns: one of these columns, led by Caecina, went to the Pontes Longi. Arminius preceded the Roman army, placing its armies for a new ambush, Caecina encamped armies near Pontes Longi. The Germans decided to attack, hoping to break somewhere in the Roman battle line, the Germans got an initial success but came the night, so legions escaped a possible defeat or worse to a new disaster. Caecina, that was not a naive general as Varus, reorganized the army and decided to prepare a counter-attack. The night was difficult for the Romans because the barbarians sure to have led the legions into a new disaster. The following morning the Germans decided to attack the Roman camp, but legions, with a bypass, rejected the Germans. Arminius was forced to flee the scene of the battle, while much of his army was massacred by the Romans. Caecina was able to beat Arminius.

The Germans occupied the plain in front of a dense forest. Arminius settled on the surrounding hills. The Romans adopted a battle line to avoid being outflanked. The Roman victory was great, with relatively few Roman casualties. The battle continued without interruption from 11:00 in the morning until late at night; dead Germans covered the plain for at least ten thousand paces. Among the remains were found chains that would have been used to bind Roman prisoners. Arminius had been sure of defeating the Romans. The soldiers of Germanicus erected a mound, on which lay the weapons of the defeated, like a trophy, and an inscription with the names of the defeated peoples.

The Germans were already fleeing beyond the Weser, but decided to fight again, despite the massacre, when they saw the Romans were raising a mound with their weapons. Arminius enlisted everyone who could fight. The battle was terrible, but the Romans prevailed once again. Germanicus, after the second battle, raised a second trophy with the inscription:

<<The army of Tiberius Caesar, won the peoples between the Elbe and the Rhine, consecrated this monument to Mars, Jupiter and Augustus>> Tacitus, Annales (ii.22)

Although Germanicus ended the year by launching some punitive operations, and also managed to recover 2 of the 3 legionary eagles lost in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, Emperor Tiberius denied his request to launch a campaign the following year, as he wished that the frontier with Germania be drawn at the Rhine river. Instead, he accorded Germanicus the honor of a triumph.The third eagle was recovered later under Emperor Claudius.^[5] it:Battaglia di Idistaviso it:Arminio it:Battaglia della foresta di Teutoburgo

Inter-tribal conflicts and death

Thereafter, war broke out between Arminius and Marbod, king of the Marcomanni (see above). The war ended with Marbod's retreat, but Arminius did not succeed in breaking into the "natural fortification" that Bohemia is. Consequently, the war ended in stalemate. Arminius also faced serious difficulties at home from the family of his wife and other pro-Roman leaders.

In AD 19, his formidable opponent Germanicus suddenly died in Antioch Antioch on the Orontes was an ancient city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. It is near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey, under circumstances which led many to believe he had been murdered by his opponents; Arminius suffered this fate two years later, at the hands of opponents within his own tribe, who felt he was becoming too powerful. Tiberius had purportedly refused an earlier offer from a Chatti nobleman to poison Arminius, declaring that Rome did not employ such dishonorable methods.

Legacy

Rome

In the accounts of his Roman enemies he is highly respected for his military leadership skills and as a defender of the liberty of his people. Based on these records, the story of Arminius was revived in the sixteenth century with the recovery of the histories of Tacitus Publius Cornelius Tacitus (AD 56 – AD 117) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories—examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors. These two works span the history of the Roman Empire by German historians, who wrote in his Annales II, 88:

Arminius, without doubt Germania's liberator, who challenged the Roman people not in its beginnings like other kings and leaders, but in the peak of its empire; in battles with changing success, undefeated in the war.

Arminius was not the sole reason for Rome's change of policy towards Germania.

Politics also played a factor; the Emperors could rarely entrust a large army to a potential rival, although Augustus had enough family members to wage his wars;

Another problem was that Augustus , in 30 years of his reign, had annexed many territories still at the beginning of the process of Romanization and multiracial integration.

Tiberius ,successor of Augustus, established that Germania was far less developed land ,possessed few villages, and had little food surplus, and was not currently relevant to the Roman cause.It would require a commitment too burdensome for the imperial finances and for excessive expenditure of military force for a new achievement.

More recently, scholars have pointed out reasons why the Rhine was a much more practical boundary for the Roman Empire than any river in Germania. Logistically, armies on the Rhine could be supplied from the Mediterranean via the Rhône and Mosel, with a brief stretch of portage. Armies on the Elbe, on the other hand, would have to have been supplied either by extensive overland routes or ships travelling the hazardous Atlantic seas. Economically, the Rhine was already supporting towns and sizeable villages at the time of the Gallic conquest. Thus the Rhine was both significantly more accessible from Rome and better equipped to supply sizeable garrisons than the regions beyond.

Rome would try to control Germania by appointing client kings Client state is one of several terms used to describe the subordination of one state to a more powerful state in international affairs. It is the least specific of these terms and may be treated as a broad category which includes satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state and tributary state. The idea, which was cheaper than military campaigns .

Rome, obtaining the final defeat and death of Arminius, chose to no longer rule directly in Germania east of the Rhine The Rhine is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe, at about 1,232 km (766 mi), with an average discharge of more than 2,000 m3/s (71,000 cu ft/s) and north of the Danube The Danube is the longest river in the European Union and Europe's second longest river after the Volga; Rome preferred to exert indirect influence through client kings, so Italicus, nephew of Arminius, was appointed king of the Cherusci; Vangio and Sido became vassal princes of the powerful Suebi The Suebi or Suevi were a group of Germanic peoples who were first mentioned by Julius Caesar in connection with Ariovistus' campaign, c. 58 BC; Ariovistus was defeated by Caesar, etc..^[6] [1] [2] [3]

Germanic sagas

In the early 19th century, attempts were made to show that the story of Arminius and his victory may have lived on in the Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300 sagas The sagas , are stories about ancient Scandinavian and Germanic history, about early Viking voyages, about migration to Iceland, and of feuds between Icelandic families. They were written in the Old Norse language, mainly in Iceland^[7], in the form of the dragon slayer Sigurd Sigurd is a legendary hero of Norse mythology, as well as the central character in the Völsunga saga. The earliest extant representations for his legend come in pictorial form from seven runestones in Sweden and most notably the Ramsund carving (c. 1000) and the Gök Runestone (11th century) of the Völsunga saga The Völsungasaga is a legendary saga, a late 13th century Icelandic prose rendition of the origin and decline of the Völsung clan (including the story of Sigurd and Brynhild and destruction of the Burgundians). It is largely based on epic poetry. The earliest known pictorial representation of this tradition is the Ramsund carving, Sweden, which and the Nibelungenlied The Nibelungenlied, translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem in Middle High German. The story tells of dragon-slayer Siegfried at the court of the Burgundians, how he was murdered, and of his wife Kriemhild's revenge. An Icelandic account^[8][9] states that Sigurd "slew the dragon" in the Gnitaheidr—today the suburb Knetterheide of the city of Bad Salzuflen, located at a strategic site on the Werre river which could very well have been the point of departure of Varus's legions on their way to their doom in the Teutoburg Forest. Also one of the foremost Scandinavian scholars of the 19th century, Gudbrandur Vigfusson, states the identity^[10] of Arminius with Sigurd. This educated guess was also picked up by Otto Höfler, an Austrian scholar of German studies in the 1950ies again. As he was a prominent National Socialist academic in World War II, the claim at all went into a bad light after the war. Although eminently respected as a post-war scientist, his later work ^[11][12] brought the shot in the neck to the old presumption to the contrary of the intent of the author. So today’s Nibelungenlied experts merely don’t like to see any historical connections in the Epos and prefer pure fiction as an explanation^[13]. At all, there should be one possible proof to the theory: If true, there must be an archaeological remain of the Nibelungen treasure, which in this case would be the remains of the Varus campaign certainly on the scale of at least 50 tons of precious metals and weapons.

Martin Luther

In Germany, he was rechristened "Hermann" by Martin Luther Martin Luther was a German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation. Strongly disputing the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money, he confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his The Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand, and he became an emblem of the revival of German nationalism Nationalism involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. Often, it is the belief that an ethnic group has a right to statehood, or that citizenship in a state should be limited to one ethnic group, or that multinationality in a single state should necessarily comprise fueled by the wars of Napoleon in the 19th century.

Another theory regarding Arminius' Latin name is that it is based on the Latin word armenium a vivid blue, ultramarine pigment made from a stone. Thus, Arminius would have been called "blue eyes," and his brother Flavus "blondie" – as references to the stereotype physical features which the Romans assigned to their Germanic neighbors.^[14] In that case, the theory goes, "Arminius" does not necessarily have anything to do with the word and god-name "irmin", and his Germanic name could thus have been anything—Siegfried, for instance. Proponents of that theory argue that his father, too, (Segimerus, the modern form of which is "Siegmar") also bore a name with the stem "sieg," or "victorious".

German nationalism

In 1808, Heinrich von Kleist's published but unperformed play Die Hermannsschlacht, unperformable after Napoleon's victory at Wagram, aroused anti-Napoleonic German sentiment and pride among its readers.

The play has been revived repeatedly at moments propitious for raw expressions of National Romanticism and was especially popular during the Third Reich.^[15]

In 1839, construction was started on a massive statue of Arminius, known as the Hermannsdenkmal, on a hill near Detmold in the Teutoburg Forest; it was finally completed and dedicated during the early years of the Second German Empire in the wake of the German victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870– 1871. The monument has been a major tourist attraction ever since, as has The Hermann Heights Monument, a similar statue erected in the United States in 1897.

The Hermann Heights monument was erected by the Sons of Hermann, a fraternal organization formed by German Americans in New York City in 1840 and named for Hermann the Cheruscan that during the nineteenth century flourished in American cities with large populations of German origin. Hermann, Missouri, a town on the Missouri River founded in the 1830s and incorporated in 1845, was also named for Arminius.

The German Bundesliga football-club DSC Arminia Bielefeld is named after Arminius.

Modern popular culture

Robert Graves' novel I, Claudius includes a description of Arminius's campaigns, where he is called "Hermann".

In The Oppermanns by Leon Feuchtwanger, a novel describing the rise of the Nazis to power, a major theme is the struggle between a liberal, half-Jewish pupil and a Nazi teacher – over the student's paper on Arminius which the teacher considers "unpatriotic" and "an insult to German nationalism".

In 1945 by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen, an alternate history novel describing a world in which Nazi Germany did not declare war on the United States in December, 1941, Operation Arminius is the code name for the German plan for the invasion of the United States.

Harry Turtledove's 2009 historical novel Give Me Back My Legions is a fictional retelling of Arminius' story, from the points-of-view of Arminius himself, various Germans, and Varus and the Romans.

Irish Black metal band Primordial recently referred to Arminius in a song off their To The Nameless Dead album named "Heathen Tribes" with the line "Arminius stood tall in Teutoborg" in relation to the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.

Other references

1. ^ Tacitus, Annals 2.22
2. ^ Suetonius, Caligula 1.4
3. ^ W. Bradford Smith (2004). "German Pagan Antiquity in Lutheran Historical Thought". The Journal of the Historical Society 4 (3): 351–74. doi:10.1111/j.1529-921X.2004.00104.x/abs/ (inactive 2010-01-05). http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1529-921X.2004.00104.x/abs/.
4. ^ Herbert W. Benario (April 2004). "Arminius into Hermann: History into Legend". Greece and Rome 51 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1093/gr/51.1.83.
5. ^ it:Spedizione germanica di Germanico
6. ^ Tacitus, Book 12 [verse 27 to 31]
7. ^ A. Giesebrecht (1837). "Ueber den Ursprung der Siegfriedsage". Germania (2). http://www.archive.org/details/UeberDenUrsprungDerSiegfriedsage/.
8. ^ unknown (1387). Nikulas Bergsson, Arnamagnæan Collection manuscript 194, 8yo.
9. ^ Simek, R. (1990). "Altnordische Kosmographie: Studien und Quellen zu Weltbild und Weltbeschreibung in Norwegen und in Island vom 12. bis zum 14. Jahrhundert". Berlin/New York.
10. ^ G. Vigfusson, F. York Powell (1886). "Grimm centenary; Sigfred-Arminivs, and other papers". Oxford Clarendon Press. http://www.archive.org/details/grimmcentenarysi00gudb.
11. ^ O. Höfler (1961). "Siegfried Arminius und die Symbolik". Heidelberg: 60 - 64.
12. ^ O. Höfler (1978). "Siegfried, Arminius und der Nibelungenhort". Wien.
13. ^ F.G. Gentry, W. McConnell, W. Wunderlich (eds.), The Nibelungen Tradition. An Encyclopedia, New York–London 2002, article "Sigurd".
14. ^ "Arminius: The Original Siegfried". http://www.harbornet.com/folks/theedrich/hive/Medieval/Siegfried.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-06.
15. ^ Reeve, William C (2004). "Die Hermannsschlacht". The Literary Encyclopedia. The Literary Dictionary Company. http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=13117. Retrieved 2006-09-06.

External links

• Terry Jones' Barbarians – The Savage Goths (Google Video) – includes a portion on Arminius
• (German) A description of Arminius and his fight against the Romans

• "They Need a Hero" by Clay Risen, The National, October 9, 2009 – an article on modern German views of Hermann and the 2,000th anniversary of the battle

Categories: 10s BC births | 21 deaths | Ancient Germanic people | Germanic paganism | Germanic Romans | Rebellions against the Roman Empire | Walhalla enshrinees

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